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Comma-separated values
A simple CSV file listing three people and the companies they work for
Filename extension	.csv
Internet media type	text/csv
Uniform Type Identifier (UTI)	public.comma-separated-values-text
UTI conformation	public.delimited-values-text
Type of format	multi-platform, serial data streams
Container for	database information organized as field separated lists
Standard	RFC 4180

百度 法院认为，司法解释规定，公民个人信息是指以电子或者其他方式记录的能够单独或者与其他信息结合识别特定自然人身份或者反映特定自然人活动情况的各种信息，包括姓名、身份证件号码、通信通讯联系方式、住址、账号密码、财产状况、行踪轨迹等，其最根本的特征在于能够识别个人身份或者体现个人活动。

Comma-separated values (CSV) is a text data format that uses commas to separate values, and newlines to separate records. CSV data stores tabular data (numbers and text) in plain text, where each line typically represents one data record. Each record consists of the same number of fields, and these are separated by commas. If the field delimiter itself may appear within a field, fields can be surrounded with quotation marks.

CSV is a more specific variant of delimiter-separated values (DSV), but the two are often conflated. CSV data is often stored in a file with a .csv extension, but sometimes the same extension is used for data delimited by a character other than comma. Also, software that consumes or produce CSV data may allow an alternative delimiter in order to more broadly support DSV.

The lack of adherence to the CSV standard RFC 4180 necessitates the support for a variety of CSV formats in data input software. Despite this drawback, CSV remains widespread in data applications and is widely supported by a variety of software, including common spreadsheet applications such as Microsoft Excel. Benefits cited in favor of CSV include human readability and the simplicity of the format.

Applications

CSV is a common data exchange format that is widely supported by consumer, business, and scientific applications. Among its most common uses is moving tabular data between programs that natively operate on incompatible (often proprietary or undocumented) formats. For example, a user may need to transfer information from a database program that stores data in a proprietary format, to a spreadsheet that uses a completely different format. Most database programs can export data as CSV. Most spreadsheet programs can read CSV data, allowing CSV to be used as an intermediate format when transferring data from a database to a spreadsheet. Every major ecommerce platform provides support for exporting data as a CSV file.

CSV is also used for storing data. Common data science tools such as Pandas include the option to export data to CSV for long-term storage. Benefits of CSV for data storage include the simplicity of CSV makes parsing and creating CSV files easy to implement and fast compared to other data formats, human readability making editing or fixing data simpler, and high compressibility leading to smaller data files. Alternatively, CSV does not support more complex data relations and makes no distinction between null and empty values, and in applications where these features are needed other formats are preferred.

More than 200 local, regional, and national data portals, such as those of the UK government and the European Commission, use CSV files with standardized data catalogs.

Specification

RFC 4180 proposes a specification for the CSV format; however, actual practice often does not follow the RFC and the term "CSV" might refer to any file that:

1. is plain text using a character encoding such as ASCII, various Unicode character encodings (e.g. UTF-8), EBCDIC, or Shift JIS,
2. consists of records (typically one record per line),
3. with the records divided into fields separated by a comma,
4. where every record has the same sequence of fields.

Within these general constraints, many variations are in use. Therefore, without additional information (such as whether RFC 4180 is honored), a file claimed simply to be in "CSV" format is not fully specified.

History

Comma-separated values is a data format that predates personal computers by more than a decade: the IBM Fortran (level H extended) compiler under OS/360 supported CSV in 1972. List-directed ("free form") input/output was defined in FORTRAN 77, approved in 1978. List-directed input used commas or spaces for delimiters, so unquoted character strings could not contain commas or spaces.

The term "comma-separated value" and the "CSV" abbreviation were in use by 1983. The manual for the Osborne Executive computer, which bundled the SuperCalc spreadsheet, documents the CSV quoting convention that allows strings to contain embedded commas, but the manual does not specify a convention for embedding quotation marks within quoted strings.

Comma-separated value lists are easier to type (for example into punched cards) than fixed-column-aligned data, and they were less prone to producing incorrect results if a value was punched one column off from its intended location.

Comma separated files are used for the interchange of database information between machines of two different architectures. The plain-text character of CSV files largely avoids incompatibilities such as byte-order and word size. The files are largely human-readable, so it is easier to deal with them in the absence of perfect documentation or communication.

The main standardization initiative—transforming "de facto fuzzy definition" into a more precise and de jure one—was in 2005, with RFC 4180, defining CSV as a MIME Content Type. Later, in 2013, some of RFC 4180's deficiencies were tackled by a W3C recommendation.

In 2014 IETF published RFC 7111 describing the application of URI fragments to CSV documents. RFC 7111 specifies how row, column, and cell ranges can be selected from a CSV document using position indexes.

In 2015 W3C, in an attempt to enhance CSV with formal semantics, publicized the first drafts of recommendations for CSV metadata standards, which began as recommendations in December of the same year.

General functionality

CSV formats are best used to represent sets or sequences of records in which each record has an identical list of fields. This corresponds to a single relation in a relational database, or to data (though not calculations) in a typical spreadsheet.

The format dates back to the early days of business computing and is widely used to pass data between computers with different internal word sizes, data formatting needs, and so forth. For this reason, CSV files are common on all computer platforms.

CSV is a delimited text file that uses a comma to separate values (many implementations of CSV import/export tools allow other separators to be used; for example, the use of a "Sep=^" row as the first row in the *.csv file will cause Excel to open the file expecting caret "^" to be the separator instead of comma ","). Simple CSV implementations may prohibit field values that contain a comma or other special characters such as newlines. More sophisticated CSV implementations permit them, often by requiring " (double quote) characters around values that contain reserved characters (such as commas, double quotes, or less commonly, newlines). Embedded double quote characters may then be represented by a pair of consecutive double quotes, or by prefixing a double quote with an escape character such as a backslash (for example in Sybase Central).

CSV formats are not limited to a particular character set. They work just as well with Unicode character sets (such as UTF-8 or UTF-16) as with ASCII (although particular programs that support CSV may have their own limitations). CSV files normally will even survive na?ve translation from one character set to another (unlike nearly all proprietary data formats). CSV does not, however, provide any way to indicate what character set is in use, so that must be communicated separately, or determined at the receiving end (if possible).

Databases that include multiple relations cannot be exported as a single CSV file. Similarly, CSV cannot naturally represent hierarchical or object-oriented data. This is because every CSV record is expected to have the same structure. CSV is therefore rarely appropriate for documents created with HTML, XML, or other markup or word-processing technologies.

Statistical databases in various fields often have a generally relation-like structure, but with some repeatable groups of fields. For example, health databases such as the Demographic and Health Survey typically repeat some questions for each child of a given parent (perhaps up to a fixed maximum number of children). Statistical analysis systems often include utilities that can "rotate" such data; for example, a "parent" record that includes information about five children can be split into five separate records, each containing (a) the information on one child, and (b) a copy of all the non-child-specific information. CSV can represent either the "vertical" or "horizontal" form of such data.

In a relational database, similar issues are readily handled by creating a separate relation for each such group, and connecting "child" records to the related "parent" records using a foreign key (such as an ID number or name for the parent). In markup languages such as XML, such groups are typically enclosed within a parent element and repeated as necessary (for example, multiple <child> nodes within a single <parent> node). With CSV there is no widely accepted single-file solution.

Standardization

The name "CSV" indicates the use of the comma to separate data fields. Nevertheless, the term "CSV" is widely used to refer to a large family of formats that differ in many ways. Some implementations allow or require single or double quotation marks around some or all fields; and some reserve the first record as a header containing a list of field names. The character set being used is undefined: some applications require a Unicode byte order mark (BOM) to enforce Unicode interpretation (sometimes even a UTF-8 BOM). Files that use the tab character instead of comma can be more precisely referred to as "TSV" for tab-separated values.

Other implementation differences include the handling of more commonplace field separators (such as space or semicolon) and newline characters inside text fields. One more subtlety is the interpretation of a blank line: it can equally be the result of writing a record of zero fields, or a record of one field of zero length; thus decoding it is ambiguous.

RFC 4180 and MIME standards

The 2005 technical standard RFC 4180 formalizes the CSV file format and defines the MIME type "text/csv" for the handling of text-based fields. However, the interpretation of the text of each field is still application-specific. Files that follow the RFC 4180 standard can simplify CSV exchange and should be widely portable. Among its requirements:

• MS-DOS-style lines that end with (CR/LF) characters (optional for the last line).
• An optional header record (there is no sure way to detect whether it is present, so care is required when importing).
• Each record should contain the same number of comma-separated fields.
• Any field may be quoted (with double quotes).
• Fields containing a line-break, double-quote or commas should be quoted. (If they are not, the file will likely be impossible to process correctly.)
• If double-quotes are used to enclose fields, then a double-quote in a field must be represented by two double-quote characters.

The format can be processed by most programs that claim to read CSV files. The exceptions are (a) programs may not support line-breaks within quoted fields, (b) programs may confuse the optional header with data or interpret the first data line as an optional header, and (c) double-quotes in a field may not be parsed correctly automatically.

OKF frictionless tabular data package

In 2011 Open Knowledge Foundation (OKF) and various partners created a data protocols working group, which later evolved into the Frictionless Data initiative. One of the main formats they released was the Tabular Data Package. Tabular Data package was heavily based on CSV, using it as the main data transport format and adding basic type and schema metadata (CSV lacks any type information to distinguish the string "1" from the number 1).

The Frictionless Data Initiative has also provided a standard CSV Dialect Description Format for describing different dialects of CSV, for example specifying the field separator or quoting rules.

W3C tabular data standard

In 2013 the W3C "CSV on the Web" working group began to specify technologies providing higher interoperability for web applications using CSV or similar formats. The working group completed its work in February 2016 and is officially closed in March 2016 with the release of a set of documents and W3C recommendations for modeling "Tabular Data", and enhancing CSV with metadata and semantics.

While the well-formedness of CSV data can readily checked, testing validity and canonical form is less well developed, relative to more precise data formats, such as XML and SQL, which offer richer types and rules-based validation.

Basic rules

Many informal documents exist that describe "CSV" formats. IETF RFC 4180 (summarized above) defines the format for the "text/csv" MIME type registered with the IANA.

Rules typical of these and other "CSV" specifications and implementations are as follows:

• CSV is a delimited data format that has fields/columns separated by the comma character and records/rows terminated by newlines.
• A CSV file does not require a specific character encoding, byte order, or line terminator format (some software do not support all line-end variations).
• A record ends at a line terminator. However, line terminators can be embedded as data within fields, so software must recognize quoted line-separators (see below) in order to correctly assemble an entire record from perhaps multiple lines.
• All records should have the same number of fields, in the same order.
• Data within fields is interpreted as a sequence of characters, not as a sequence of bits or bytes (see RFC 2046, section 4.1). For example, the numeric quantity 65535 may be represented as the 5 ASCII characters "65535" (or perhaps other forms such as "0xFFFF", "000065535.000E+00", etc.); but not as a sequence of 2 bytes intended to be treated as a single binary integer rather than as two characters (e.g. the numbers 11264–11519 have a comma as their high order byte: ord(',')*256..ord(',')*256+255). If this "plain text" convention is not followed, then the CSV file no longer contains sufficient information to interpret it correctly, the CSV file will not likely survive transmission across differing computer architectures, and will not conform to the text/csv MIME type.
• Adjacent fields must be separated by a single comma. However, "CSV" formats vary greatly in this choice of separator character. In particular, in locales where the comma is used as a decimal separator, a semicolon, tab character, or other character is used instead.

  1997,Ford,E350

• Any field may be quoted (that is, enclosed within double-quote characters), while some fields must be quoted, as specified in the following rules and examples:

  "1997","Ford","E350"

• Fields with embedded commas or double-quote characters must be quoted.

  1997,Ford,E350,"Super, luxurious truck"

• Each of the embedded double-quote characters must be represented by a pair of double-quote characters.

  1997,Ford,E350,"Super, ""luxurious"" truck"

• Fields with embedded line breaks must be quoted (however, many CSV implementations do not support embedded line breaks).

  1997,Ford,E350,"Go get one now
  they are going fast"
  

• In some CSV implementations, leading and trailing spaces and tabs are trimmed (ignored). Such trimming is forbidden by RFC 4180, which states "Spaces are considered part of a field and should not be ignored."

  1997, Ford, E350
  not same as
  1997,Ford,E350
  

• According to RFC 4180, spaces outside quotes in a field are not allowed; however, the RFC also says that "Spaces are considered part of a field and should not be ignored." and "Implementers should 'be conservative in what you do, be liberal in what you accept from others' (RFC 793, section 2.10) when processing CSV files."

  1997, "Ford" ,E350

• In CSV implementations that do trim leading or trailing spaces, fields with such spaces as meaningful data must be quoted.

  1997,Ford,E350," Super luxurious truck "

• Double quote processing need only apply if the field starts with a double quote. Note, however, that double quotes are not allowed in unquoted fields according to RFC 4180.

  Los Angeles,34°03′N,118°15′W
  New York City,40°42′46″N,74°00′21″W
  Paris,48°51′24″N,2°21′03″E
  

• The first record may be a "header", which contains column names in each of the fields (there is no reliable way to tell whether a file does this or not; however, it is uncommon to use characters other than letters, digits, and underscores in such column names).

  Year,Make,Model
  1997,Ford,E350
  2000,Mercury,Cougar
  

Example

Year	Make	Model	Description	Price
1997	Ford	E350	ac, abs, moon	3000.00
1999	Chevy	Venture "Extended Edition"		4900.00
1999	Chevy	Venture "Extended Edition, Very Large"		5000.00
1996	Jeep	Grand Cherokee	MUST SELL! air, moon roof, loaded	4799.00

The above table of data may be represented in CSV format as follows:

Year,Make,Model,Description,Price
1997,Ford,E350,"ac, abs, moon",3000.00
1999,Chevy,"Venture ""Extended Edition""","",4900.00
1999,Chevy,"Venture ""Extended Edition, Very Large""","",5000.00
1996,Jeep,Grand Cherokee,"MUST SELL!
air, moon roof, loaded",4799.00

Example of a USA/UK CSV file (where the decimal separator is a period/full stop and the value separator is a comma):

Year,Make,Model,Length
1997,Ford,E350,2.35
2000,Mercury,Cougar,2.38

Example of an analogous European CSV/DSV file (where the decimal separator is a comma and the value separator is a semicolon):

Year;Make;Model;Length
1997;Ford;E350;2,35
2000;Mercury;Cougar;2,38

The latter format is not RFC 4180 compliant. Compliance could be achieved by the use of a comma instead of a semicolon as a separator and by quoting all numbers that have a decimal mark.

Application support

Some applications use CSV as a data interchange format to enhance its interoperability, exporting and importing CSV. Others use CSV as an internal format.

As a data interchange format: the CSV file format is supported by almost all spreadsheets and database management systems,

• Spreadsheets including Apple Numbers, LibreOffice Calc, and Apache OpenOffice Calc. Microsoft Excel also supports a dialect of CSV with restrictions in comparison to other spreadsheet software (e.g., as of 2019 Excel still cannot export CSV files in the commonly used UTF-8 character encoding, and separator is not enforced to be the comma). LibreOffice Calc CSV importer is actually a more generic delimited text importer, supporting multiple separators at the same time as well as field trimming.
• Various Relational databases support saving query results to a CSV file. PostgreSQL provides the COPY command, which allows for both saving and loading data to and from a file. COPY (SELECT * FROM articles) TO '/home/wikipedia/file.csv' (FORMAT csv) saves the content of a table articles to a file called /home/wikipedia/file.csv.
• Many utility programs on Unix-style systems (such as cut, paste, join, sort, uniq, awk) can split files on a comma delimiter, and can therefore process simple CSV files. However, this method does not correctly handle commas or new lines within quoted strings, hence it is better to use tools like csvkit or Miller.

As (main or optional) internal representation. Can be native or foreign, but differ from interchange format ("export/import only") because it is not necessary to create a copy in another format:

• Some Spreadsheets including LibreOffice Calc offers this option, without enforcing user to adopt another format.
• Some relational databases, when using standard SQL, offer foreign-data wrapper (FDW). For example, PostgreSQL offers the CREATE FOREIGN TABLE and CREATE EXTENSION file_fdw commands to configure any variant of CSV.
• Databases like Apache Hive offer the option to express CSV or .csv.gz as an internal table format.
• The emacs editor can operate on CSV files using csv-nav mode.

CSV format is supported by libraries available for many programming languages. Most provide some way to specify the field delimiter, decimal separator, character encoding, quoting conventions, date format, etc.

Software and row limits

Programs that work with CSV may have limits on the maximum number of rows CSV files can have. Below is a list of common software and its limitations:

• Microsoft Excel: 1,048,576 row limit;
• Microsoft PowerShell, no row or cell limit. (Memory Limited)
• Apple Numbers: 1,000,000 row limit;
• Google Sheets: 10,000,000 cell limit (the product of columns and rows);
• OpenOffice and LibreOffice: 1,048,576 row limit;
• Sourcetable: no row limit. (Spreadsheet-database hybrid);
• Text Editors (such as WordPad, TextEdit, Vim, etc.): no row or cell limit;
• Databases (COPY command and FDW): no row or cell limit.

See also

• Tab-separated values
• Comparison of data-serialization formats
• Delimiter-separated values
• Delimiter collision
• Flat-file database
• Simple Data Format
• Substitute character, Null character, invisible comma U+2063

Further reading

• "IBM DB2 Administration Guide - LOAD, IMPORT, and EXPORT File Formats". IBM. Archived from the original on 2025-08-07. Retrieved 2025-08-07. (Has file descriptions of delimited ASCII (.DEL) (including comma- and semicolon-separated) and non-delimited ASCII (.ASC) files for data transfer.)