大数据报告：鸡年春节出国过年或“史上最热”

For the TV series episode, see Preboot.

A high-level PXE overview

百度 本刊将进一步提高学术水平和编辑质量，努力做广大社科研究者和各界读者的忠实朋友。

In computing, the Preboot eXecution Environment (PXE; often pronounced as /?p?ksi?/ pixie), often called PXE boot (pixie boot), is a specification describing a standardized client–server environment that boots a software assembly, retrieved from a network, on PXE-enabled clients. On the client side it requires only a PXE-capable network interface controller (NIC), and uses a small set of industry-standard network protocols such as Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) and Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP).

The concept behind the PXE originated in the early days of protocols like BOOTP/DHCP/TFTP, and as of 2015 it forms part of the Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) standard. In modern data centers, PXE is the most frequent choice for operating system booting, installation and deployment.

Overview

Since the beginning of computer networks, there has been a persistent need for client systems which can boot appropriate software images, with appropriate configuration parameters, both retrieved at boot time from one or more network servers. This goal requires a client to use a set of pre-boot services, based on industry standard network protocols. Additionally, the Network Bootstrap Program (NBP) which is initially downloaded and run must be built using a client firmware layer (at the device to be bootstrapped via PXE) providing a hardware independent standardized way to interact with the surrounding network booting environment. In this case the availability and subjection to standards are a key factor required to guarantee the network boot process system interoperability.

One of the first attempts in this regard was bootstrap loading using TFTP standard RFC 906, published in 1984, which established the 1981 published Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) standard RFC 783 to be used as the standard file transfer protocol for bootstrap loading. It was followed shortly after by the Bootstrap Protocol standard RFC 951 (BOOTP), published in 1985, which allowed a diskless client machine to discover its own IP address, the address of a TFTP server, and the name of an NBP to be loaded into memory and executed. BOOTP implementation difficulties, among other reasons, eventually led to the development of the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol standard RFC 2131 (DHCP) published in 1997. The pioneering TFTP/BOOTP/DHCP approach fell short, as at the time, it did not define the required standardized client side of the provisioning environment.

The Preboot Execution Environment (PXE) was introduced as part of the Wired for Management framework by Intel and is described in the specification published by Intel and SystemSoft. PXE version 2.0 was released in December 1998, and the update 2.1 was made public in September 1999. The PXE environment makes use of several standard client?server protocols including DHCP and TFTP (now defined by the 1992 published RFC 1350). Within the PXE schema the client side of the provisioning equation is an integral part of the PXE standard and it is implemented either as a Network Interface Card (NIC) BIOS extension or current devices in UEFI code. This distinctive firmware layer makes available at the client the functions of a basic Universal Network Device Interface (UNDI), a minimalistic UDP/IP stack, a Preboot (DHCP) client module and a TFTP client module, together forming the PXE application programming interfaces (APIs) used by the NBP when needing to interact with the services offered by the server counterpart of the PXE environment. TFTP's low throughput, especially when used over high-latency links, has been initially mitigated by the TFTP Blocksize Option RFC 2348 published in May 1998, and later by the TFTP Windowsize Option RFC 7440 published in January 2015, allowing potentially larger payload deliveries and thus improving throughput.

Details

The PXE environment relies on a combination of industry-standard Internet protocols, namely UDP/IP, DHCP and TFTP. These protocols have been selected because they are easily implemented in the client's NIC firmware, resulting in standardized small-footprint PXE ROMs. Standardization, small size of PXE firmware images and their low use of resources are some of the primary design goals, allowing the client side of the PXE standard to be identically implemented on a wide variety of systems, ranging from powerful client computers to resource-limited single-board computers (SBC) and system-on-a-chip (SoC) computers.

DHCP is used to provide the appropriate client network parameters and specifically the location (IP address) of the TFTP server hosting, ready for download, the initial bootstrap program (NBP) and complementary files. To initiate a PXE bootstrap session the DHCP component of the client's PXE firmware broadcasts a DHCPDISCOVER packet containing PXE-specific options to port 67/UDP (DHCP server port); it asks for the required network configuration and network booting parameters. The PXE-specific options identify the initiated DHCP transaction as a PXE transaction. Standard DHCP servers (non PXE enabled) will be able to answer with a regular DHCPOFFER carrying networking information (i.e. IP address) but not the PXE specific parameters. A PXE client will not be able to boot if it only receives an answer from a non PXE enabled DHCP server.

After parsing a PXE enabled DHCP server DHCPOFFER, the client will be able to set its own network IP address, IP Mask, etc., and to point to the network located booting resources, based on the received TFTP Server IP address and the name of the NBP. The client next transfers the NBP into its own random-access memory (RAM) using TFTP, possibly verifies it (i.e. UEFI Secure Boot), and finally boots from it. NBPs are just the first link in the boot chain process and they generally request via TFTP a small set of complementary files in order to get running a minimalistic OS executive (i.e. WindowsPE, or a basic Linux kernel+initrd). The small OS executive loads its own network drivers and TCP/IP stack. At this point, the remaining instructions required to boot or install a full OS are provided not over TFTP, but using a robust transfer protocol (such as HTTP, CIFS, or NFS).

Integration

DHCP vs proxyDHCP Server

The PXE Client/Server environment was designed so it can be seamlessly integrated with an already in place DHCP and TFTP server infrastructure. This design goal presented a challenge when dealing with the classic DHCP protocol. Corporate DHCP servers are usually subject to strict policies that are designed to prevent easily adding the additional parameters and rules required to support a PXE environment. For this reason the PXE standard developed the concept of DHCP redirection or "proxyDHCP". The idea behind a proxyDHCP is to split the PXE DHCP requirements in two independently run and administered server units:

1. The classic DHCP server providing IP address, IP mask, etc. to all booting DHCP clients.
2. The proxyDHCP server providing TFTP server IP address and name of the NBP only to PXE identified booting clients.

In a DHCP plus proxyDHCP server environment the PXE client initially broadcasts a single PXE DHCPDISCOVER packet and receives two complementary DHCPOFFERs; one from the regular non PXE enabled DHCP server and a second one from the proxyDHCP server. Both answers together provide the required information to allow the PXE client to continue with its booting process. This non-intrusive approach allows setting a PXE environment without touching the configuration of an already working DHCP server. The proxyDHCP service may also run on the same host as the standard DHCP service but even in this case they are both two independently run and administered applications. Since two services cannot use the same port 67/UDP on the same host, the proxyDHCP runs on port 4011/UDP. The proxyDHCP approach has proved to be extremely useful in a wide range of PXE scenarios going from corporate to home environments.

Availability

PXE was conceived considering several system architectures. The version 2.1 of the specification defined architecture identifiers for six system types, including IA-64 and DEC Alpha. However, PXE v2.1 only completely covered IA-32. Despite this apparent lack of completeness Intel has recently decided to widely support PXE within the new UEFI specification extending the PXE functionality to all EFI/UEFI environments. Current Unified Extensible Firmware Interface Specification 2.4A, Section 21 Network Protocols — SNP, PXE, and BIS defines the protocols that provide access to network devices while executing in the UEFI boot services environment. These protocols include the Simple Network Protocol (SNP), the PXE Base Code Protocol (PXE), and the Boot Integrity Services Protocol (BIS). Today in a PXE environment the client architecture detection is rarely based on the identifiers originally included with the PXE v2.1 specification. Instead, each computer that will be booting from the network should have set DHCP option 93 to indicate the client's architecture. This enables a PXE server to know (at boot time) the exact architecture of the client from the first network boot packet.

With the advent of IPv6, DHCP has evolved into DHCPv6; the need for options supporting PXE within the new DHCP protocol has been addressed in 2010.

The original PXE client firmware extension was designed as an Option ROM for the IA-32 BIOS, so a personal computer (PC) was originally made PXE-capable by installing a network interface controller (NIC) that provided a PXE Option ROM. Today the client PXE code is directly included within the NIC's own firmware or as part of the UEFI firmware on the motherboard.

Even when the original client PXE firmware has been written by Intel and always provided at no cost as a linkable IA32 object code format module included in their Product Development Kit (PDK), the open source world has produced over the years non-standard derivative projects like gPXE/iPXE offering their own ROMs. While Intel based ROMs have been implementing the client side of the PXE standard for more than 20 years some users were willing to trade extra features for stability and PXE standard conformance.

Acceptance

PXE acceptance since v2.1 has been ubiquitous; today it is virtually impossible to find a network card without PXE firmware on it. The availability of inexpensive Gigabit Ethernet hardware (NICs, switches, routers, etc.) has made PXE the fastest method available for installing an operating system on a client when competing against the classic CD, DVD, and USB flash drive alternatives.

Over the years several major projects have included PXE support, including:

• All the major Linux distributions.
• OpenVMS on HPE Integrity and x86-64 hardware.
• Microsoft Remote Installation Services (RIS)
• Microsoft Windows Deployment Services (WDS)
• Microsoft Deployment Toolkit (MDT)
• Microsoft System Center Configuration Manager (SCCM)

In regard to NBP development there are several projects implementing Boot Managers able to offer boot menu extended features, scripting capabilities, etc.:

• Syslinux PXELINUX
• gPXE/iPXE

All the above-mentioned projects, when they are able to boot/install more than one OS, work under a "Boot Manager - Boot Loader" paradigm. The initial NBP is a Boot Manager able to retrieve its own configuration and deploy a menu of booting options. The user selects a booting option and an OS dependent Boot Loader is downloaded and run in order to continue with the selected specific booting procedure.

Sibling environments

Apple has come up with a very similar network boot approach under the umbrella of the Boot Server Discovery Protocol (BSDP) specification. BSDP v0.1 was initially published by Apple in August 1999 and its last v1.0.8 was published in September 2010. Mac OS X Server included a system tool called NetBoot. A NetBoot client uses BSDP to dynamically acquire resources that enable it to boot a suitable operating system. BSDP is crafted on top of DHCP using vendor-specific information to provide the additional NetBoot functionality not present in standard DHCP. The protocol is implemented in client firmware. At boot time, the client obtains an IP address via DHCP then discovers boot servers using BSDP. Each BSDP server responds with boot information consisting of:

• A list of bootable operating system images
• The default operating system image
• The client's currently selected operating system image (if defined)

The client chooses an operating system from the list and sends a message to the server indicating its selection. The selected boot server responds supplying the boot file and boot image, and any other information needed to download and execute the selected operating system.

Descendant environments

Microsoft created a non-overlapping extension of the PXE environment with their Boot Information Negotiation Layer (BINL). BINL is implemented as a server service and it is a key component of their Remote Installation Services (RIS) and Windows Deployment Services (WDS) strategies. It includes certain preparation processes and a network protocol that could be somehow considered a Microsoft-crafted DHCP extension. BINL is a Microsoft proprietary technology that uses PXE standard client firmware. Currently there is not a publicly available BINL specification.

See also

• Diskless nodes – diskless computers
• Boot Service Discovery Protocol – Apple network boot protocol
• Network booting
• Remote Initial Program Load (RIPL or RPL)
• System Deployment Image (SDI) – primarily with Microsoft products
• Unified Extensible Firmware Interface – UEFI network booting
• Wake-on-LAN (WOL)
• Windows Deployment Services – PXE-based deployment for Microsoft Windows

Further reading

• K. R. Sollins (June 1981). THE TFTP PROTOCOL (REVISION 2). Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC0783. RFC 783. Status Unknown. Obsoleted by RFC 1350.
• R. Finlayson (June 1984). Bootstrap Loading using TFTP. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC0906. RFC 906. Status Unknown.
• Bill Croft; John Gilmore (September 1985). BOOTSTRAP PROTOCOL (BOOTP). Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC0951. RFC 951. Draft Standard. Updated by RFC 1395, 1497, 1532, 1542 and 5494.
• K. Sollins (July 1992). THE TFTP PROTOCOL (REVISION 2). Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC1350. STD 33. RFC 1350. Internet Standard 33. Obsoletes RFC 783. Updated by RFC 1782, 1783, 1784, 1785, 2347, 2348 and 2349.
• R. Droms (March 1997). Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. IETF Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC2131. RFC 2131. Draft Standard. Obsoletes RFC 1541. Updated by RFC 3396, 4361, 5494 and 6842.
• G. Malkin; A. Harkin (May 1998). TFTP Blocksize Option. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC2348. RFC 2348. Draft Standard. Updates RFC 1350. Obsoletes RFC 1783.
• M. Johnston (June 2006). S. Venaas (ed.). Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Options for the Intel Preboot eXecution Environment (PXE). Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC4578. RFC 4578. Informational.
• T. Huth; J. Freimann; V. Zimmer; D. Thaler (September 2010). DHCPv6 Options for Network Boot. Internet Engineering Task Force. doi:10.17487/RFC5970. ISSN 2070-1721. RFC 5970. Proposed Standard.
• P. Masotta (January 2015). TFTP Windowsize Option. Internet Engineering Task Force. doi:10.17487/RFC7440. ISSN 2070-1721. RFC 7440. Proposed Standard.

External links

• PXE specification – The Preboot Execution Environment specification v2.1 published by Intel & SystemSoft
• BIS specification – The Boot Integrity Services specification v1.0 published by Intel
• Intel Preboot Execution Environment – Internet-Draft 00 of the PXE Client/Server Protocol included in the PXE specification
• PXE error codes – A catalogue of PXE error codes